Fast growing population, excessive expansion of cities, and dominance of automobile in urban life have troubled cities with complicated traffi c problems. In many parts of the world, transport network development has always been considered as a solution for this problem. Apparently, one-dimensional ‘ traffi c solutions’ would never thoroughly bring best results as the city and its problems are complicated and interconnected. Although, adding one fl oor to the existing networks would not necessarily solve traffi c congestion. The aim of this paper is to identify the challenges elevated highways especially Sadr highway imposed on adjacent residential neighborhoods, and to provide recommendations mitigating the negative impacts of these challenges in favor of neighbor residents. Among the different challenges, this paper focuses on those which have instant effects on the potential neighborhoods including environmental, safety, and social challenges which affect nearby residents the most. Accordingly, this study provides policies to reduce noise, air and visual pollution, safety and security issues.

Assessment is one of the important methods in analyzing the accomplishment of Sustainable development and as one of the necessities of planning can identify potential and actual environmental effect that is emerged as a result of the construction and development and provides logical options to solve them. The purpose of the current research is to assess the environmental effects of multi-layer highways on the neighborhood. The research is applied In terms of purpose and descriptive in terms of nature. Moreover, this research is environment based and uses sustainable development in theory. In order to analyze the data, 8 neighborhood around the Sadr bridge (Tajrish, Gheytariyeh, Chizar, Zargandeh, Sadr, Rostam Abas, Ekhtiyarieh and Pasdaran neighborhoods) were chosen as the analyze unit. Assessment indexes were assed in term of social, skeleton, vision and health-hygiene, economic and ecologic and safety-security domains. statistical Qualitative and quantitative methods including one sample T test and Friedman test were used to rate the domains and spatial analysis methods (spatial statistics) were used to show the status of the neighborhood. We also used the TOPSIS technique and Iranian Leopold in order to rate the neighborhood in terms of environmental effects of multi-layer Sadr Bridge. Results of the assessment matrix showed that Sadr multi-layer project is confirmed by providing corrective options in activities with high and very high damage. Based on the research findings it was found that the neighborhoods around the Sadr multi-layer highway given the assed dimensions, each have a different susceptibility from the multi-layer Sadr Bridge. In this regard, the ecological and skeleton have the most susceptibility and the security each have the least susceptibility from the Sadr multi-layer Sadr bridge and in rating the neighborhood, Rostamabad had the most susceptibility and the Zarhandeh has the least susceptibility from the Multi-layer Sadr bridge.

Models presented in the study suggest that the relationship between crash severity in urban highways and traffic variables same as traffic volume and flow speed, human factors, road, vehicle and weather conditions. Regarding that there was no model in previous works that could suggest the effects of all variables on crash severity of urban highways, models developed in current study, make it possible to investigate the effects of all the variables on crash severity, simultaneously. So, these models can be proper models in identifying the influential factors in crash severity. Thus, these models suggest that changes in crash severity doesn’t occur necessarily by any single dependent parameters, but occur as a simultaneous result of changes in these parameters.Results of the current study suggest that variables of driver age < 25, moving on with reverse gear, technical defect of the vehicle, vehicle collision with motorcycle and bicycle, bridge, frontal impact collisions, frontal-lateral collisions and multi-vehicle crashes in urban highways are among the main factors which usually increase the crash severity in urban highways.

Rationalism, in contrast to empiricism, means believing in priori knowledge and theorems. Sadr's two books, our philosophy and logical basis of induction have made a detailed analysis of epistemological perspectives, especially in the context of the rationalism-empiricism challenge. Sadr introduces his epistemological doctrine as an inherent doctrine which is agree on belief to priori knowledge with rationalists, and believes the principle of refusal of contradictions priori, he based on realisem and abstraction teory, belives the principles of mathematics are priori too, but about causality, by expressing the distinction between rational and experimental causality, he statement rational causality at least is possible, but he don’ t accept the self-explaining of the priori principle of induction, or the principle of non-repetition of the accident, and separates himself from the Aristotelian rationalists. Despite the differences between Sadr on some priori principles and epistemological reasoning with the rationalists, Consequently, he is a rational foundationalist.

The aim of this article is to investigate the relationship between the observers’ tranquility and creating mental schemas in the corridor of the green urban highway. Tranquility is the one that can cause memories and sense of belonging by locating in mind. Being unique and criterion cause quick images to remain in minds and these elements cause the space to become an indicator of spatial identity. To become a tranquiller and memorable space and to remain in minds some schemes should be created in minds and this is the fundamental condition. Furthermore, the space should have a definite and unique identity. Statistical analysis included descriptive and inferential techniques. The findings show that, in designing the urban highways paying attention to spatial-social schemas is one of the main components for generating tranquil of highway margin by criteria. According to the results of the analysis of experimental findings, it seems that considering spatial-social schemes are one of the main components of creating a reliable and tranquil environment for bystanders who visit routes such as highways. According to the results of this study, there is a linear relationship and a high correlation between tranquility and creating mental spatial and social schemes. It means to make a space tranquil and memorable some schemes should be created in minds to make the space effective and persistent. Several sequences and focus points in the special parts can lead us to have a convergence mental schema.

Energy generation using solar photovoltaic requires large area. As cost of the land is growing day by day, there is a strong requirement to use the available land as efficiently as possible. Here, we explored the potential of energy generation using the land above national road highways by constructing a roof structure. This space can contribute to the energy generation without extra cost for the land. It also results in energy efficiency, for example, improved vehicle movement and minimum energy for air conditioning of vehicles. Additionally, it also helps in minimum road repairs and longer vehicle tire life due to the effect of sun shade. Thus, the expenditure for wear and tear for road repairs is reduced considerably. From our modeling study, it is observed that the Ahmedabad-Rajkot highway can generate 104 MW of electricity (163 GWh of annual energy generation) and the Ahmedabad-Vadodara highway space can generate 61 MW of electricity (96 GWh of annual energy generation) for single-layer solar panels. If there are two layers of solar panels one over the other, the annual energy generation of the same highways, Ahmedabad-Rajkot and Ahmedabad-Vadodara, can be increased to 229 GWh and 140 GWh, respectively. If our concept is implemented throughout India, it not only increases the power generation to more than a few gigawatts of electricity but also has other various fringe benefits including longer road life, employment generation, reduced CO2 emission in environment, etc.

The aim of this article is to investigate the relationship between the observers’ memorability and creating mental schemas in the corridor of the green urban highway. Memorable elements are the ones that can cause memories and sense of belonging by locating in mind. Being unique and criterion cause quick images to remain in minds and these elements cause the space to become an indicator of spatial identity. To become a memorable space and to remain in minds some schemes should be created in minds and this is the fundamental condition. Furthermore, the space should have a definite and unique identity. It is essential to recognize basic elements of creating mental spatial and social schemes and to investigate their effectiveness in the components of memorability. The purpose of this study is about urban highways and similar spaces. On the basis of posed theories, the hypothesis is as follows: there is a relation between memorability in highway observers and mental spatial and social schemas schemes so that creating mental schemas can help in creating observers’ memorability. On the basis of this proposition, creating mental schemes is the essential condition for memorability in green urban highways. The proof of this claim is achieved by referring to empirical evidences. The research methodology includes analytical-descriptive techniques. The statistical populations of 51 bystanders of the Modares highway margins were surveyed. Statistical analysis included descriptive and inferential techniques. The findings show that, in designing the urban highways paying attention to spatial-social schemas is one of the main components for generating memorably of highway margin by criteria. According to the results of the analysis of experimental findings, it seems that considering spatial-social schemes are one of the main components of creating a memorable environment for bystanders who visit routes such as highways. Variables such as age, gender and level of education do not affect the influence of the kind of mental spatial and social schemas so much and this issue can be used in creating most common indicators between different groups of citizens with different ages and level of education for designing a green and memorable highway. The most important criteria in the design of green urban highways space includes design style of highway space, detail Fitness in highway such as trees, elements and street furniture with generalities and its overall configuration, heterogeneity and diversity in the details. Because people have less time to remember and visualize the symbolic elements in the highways the use of such elements has less effect on their mental schemes and also the memorability of environment. Memorable elements should have a unique identity cause impression on the minds. According to the results of this study, there is a linear relationship and a high correlation between memorability and creating mental spatial and social schemes. It means to make a space memorable some schemes should be created in minds to make the space effective and persistent. Several sequences and focus points in the special parts can lead us to have a convergence mental schema.

In developing countries, the crash risk on mountainous rural highways is higher than on non-mountainous rural highways due to their complex geometric design. Thus, the consistency of geometric characteristics with drivers’ behavior plays a remarkable role in reducing crashes in these areas. In this study, two substandard mountainous rural highways of Iran were selected to measure local design consistency based on continuous speed data collected by smartphone technology. The idea of employing critical elements was introduced to evaluate local design consistency. The critical element is an individual element with a higher CCR (curvature change rate) value compared to the CCR values of their adjacent elements. An individual element was defined as a curve or a group of curves with similar CCR values, and short tangents between each two curves. The efficiency of this concept was evaluated base on statistical hypothesis test and determining spearman rank coefficient between a popular design consistency indictor and expected rural highway crashes. The null hypothesis was rejected for all of the critical elements and it was confirmed that drivers reduce their speed when they face the critical element. Finally, several concepts related to design consistency on mountainous rural highways were elaborated according to operating speed profiles.

Speed humps used as a tool of traffic calming technique that applied to force drivers to reduce their vehicle’ speeds at some locations. For developed countries, the implementations of speed humps are often used within residential areas as well as at locations of schools crossing. For developing countries (e. g. Iraq), speed humps are used even at urban and urban highways. This paper investigates the effect of applying such speed humps on pavement condition index (PCI). For the purpose of this study, ten urban and rural highway sites that paved by asphalt concrete have been selected from Al-Diwaniyah city, Iraq. Each site has been divided to sections before and after the humps. Each section has been surveyed to record the distress types used in calculations the values of PCI. It has been noticed that the rutting distress is the dominant type for sections just before the humps. The PCI values were significantly lower at sections near the humps compared with the faraway sections. In addition, the effect of speed humps on the PCI values can be neglected at urban highways where minimal trucks used these highways. The results of the paper suggested that an attention should be provided to identify reasonable warrants for installing of speed humps on flexible highway pavements.